約 4,482,745 件
https://w.atwiki.jp/mtg2384/pages/1076.html
autolink トリスケラバス/Triskelavus (７) アーティファクト・クリーチャー ― 構築物(Construct) 飛行 トリスケラバスはその上に+1/+1カウンターが３個置かれた状態で戦場に出る。 (１),トリスケラバスから+1/+1カウンターを１個取り除く：飛行を持つ無色の1/1のトリスケラバイト(Triskelavite)・アーティファクト・クリーチャー・トークンを１体戦場に出す。それは「このクリーチャーを生け贄に捧げる：クリーチャー１体かプレイヤー１人を対象とする。このクリーチャーはそれに１点のダメージを与える。」を持つ。 1/1 《トリスケラバス/Triskelavus》をGathererで確認 《トリスケラバス/Triskelavus》をGoogleで検索 《トリスケラバス/Triskelavus》が使用された大会 取得中です。 カードテキスト転載元：Wisdom Guild様 2011 / 10 / 01
https://w.atwiki.jp/yosilove/pages/41.html
Blenderへ戻る 2.5 Blender MacOSX 最終更新：0000-00-00 00 00 00 ジョイントの設定方法 とりあえず、ヒンジの例 1) 物体の物理特性を指定 エンジンを「Blender Game」に変更。 PropertiesウィンドウのPhysics内のPhysicsサブメニューより、Physics Typeを変更。 とりあえず、動かない方(画像内のMeshオブジェクト)をstatic、動く方(Mesh.001)をRegid Body（剛体）にしとく 2) ヒンジの設定 動かしたい方を選択し、PropertiesのObject Constrainsを表示。 Object Constrains内のAnn ConstrainsでRelation - Rigit Body Jointを追加。 Targetを動かない方のオブジェクトに設定。 Pivot TypeをHinjiに設定。 Display PivotでPivot（なんかpx,py,pzとか書かれてる軸）を表示する。 PivotでPivotの原点の座標を指定。 AxisでPivotの向きを調整（Hinjiなのでx軸周りに回転するよ） 注意 ヒンジはx軸方向にパタパタするが、衝突形状（Bound ?）が衝突すると停止する。 下の図では、物体同士は接触していないが、衝突形状がぶつかっているので中途半端な位置で停止している。
https://w.atwiki.jp/elvis/pages/8064.html
Ice Carving Made Easy Natl Restaurant Assn? Joseph Amendola? NatlRestaurantAssn? JosephAmendola? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Basics of Legal Procedure for Court Reporters Natl Court Reporters Assn? NatlCourtReportersAssn? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Systematic Guide to Medical Terminology Natl Court Reporters Assn? N. Weiss? NatlCourtReportersAssn? N.Weiss? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Manual of Ground Water Sampling Procedures Natl Water Well Assn? Marion Scalf? James McNabb? NatlWaterWellAssn? MarionScalf? JamesMcNabb? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Manual of Water Well Construction Practices Natl Water Well Assn? NatlWaterWellAssn? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Words of Conscience Religious Statements on Conscientious Objection Natl Interreligious Service Bd? NatlInterreligiousServiceBd? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Religion&Spirituality? Philosophy of Education, 1986 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Meeting of the Philosophy of Education Society Annual Philosophy of Education Society? Nicholas C. Burbules? PhilosophyofEducationSociety? NicholasC.Burbules? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Fatty Acids and Their Industrial Applications Soap & Detergent Assn? Scott E. Pattison? Soap&DetergentAssn? ScottE.Pattison? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Once upon a Thermal Soaring Society of Amer? Richard A. Wolters? SoaringSocietyofAmer? RichardA.Wolters? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Sports-General? Captain Nathan Hale Major John Palsgrave Wyllys Friends and Yale Classmates, Who Died in the Country's Service Anderson House Museum of the? George Dudley Seymour? AndersonHouseMuseumofthe? GeorgeDudleySeymour? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Special Effects in Motion Pictures Some Methods for Producing Mechanical Special Effects Society of Motion Picture &? Frank P. Clark? SocietyofMotionPicture&? FrankP.Clark? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Straight Talk Parent to Parent Spina Bifida Assn of Amer? Betty Pieper? SpinaBifidaAssnofAmer? BettyPieper? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 For Sale Minnesota Organized Promotion of Scandinavian Immigration 1866-1873 Swedish Amer Historical Soc? Lars Ljungmark? SwedishAmerHistoricalSoc? LarsLjungmark? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Human Factors in Esl Teachers of English to? James E. Alatis? Ruth Crymes? TeachersofEnglishto? JamesE.Alatis? RuthCrymes? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Thermal Testing of Commercial Transport Equipment Truck Trailer Manufacturers Assn? TruckTrailerManufacturersAssn? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Official Soccer Book of the United States Soccer Federation Rand Mcnally? Walter Chyzowych? RandMcnally? WalterChyzowych? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Sports-General? Building United Judgement A Handbook for Consensus Decision Making New Society Pub? NewSocietyPub? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Business&Investing-Management&Leadership-Decision-Making&ProblemSolving? Subjects-Professional&Technical-BusinessManagement-Management&Leadership-Decision-Making&ProblemSolving? Childhood Comes First A Crash Course in Childhood for Adults C Henry Kempe? Ray Helfer? CHenryKempe? RayHelfer? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Child Abuse and Neglect Cross-Cultural Perspectives C Henry Kempe? Jill E. Korbin? CHenryKempe? JillE.Korbin? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 A Communications Manual for Nonprofit Organizations Volunteer Readership? Lucille Maddalena? VolunteerReadership? LucilleMaddalena? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Volunteers Today Finding, Training and Working With Them Volunteer Readership? Harriet H. Naylor? VolunteerReadership? HarrietH.Naylor? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Winning With Staff A New Look at Staff Support for Volunteers Volunteer Readership? Ivan Scheier? VolunteerReadership? IvanScheier? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 How to Get the Most Out of Being a Volunteer Volunteer Readership? E. Kimball? VolunteerReadership? E.Kimball? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Defects and Failures in Pressure Vessels and Piping Amer Society for Nondestructive? Helmut Thielsch? AmerSocietyforNondestructive? HelmutThielsch? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Nondestructive Testing Ultrasonic/Pbn Ct 6-4 (Classroom Training Handbook) Amer Society for Nondestructive? AmerSocietyforNondestructive? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Presidential Search Assn Governing Boards? John W. Nason? AssnGoverningBoards? JohnW.Nason? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Presidential Assessment Assn Governing Boards? John W. Nason? AssnGoverningBoards? JohnW.Nason? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Elementary School Evaluative Criteria A Guide for School Improvement Natl Study of School? National Study of School Evaluation? NatlStudyofSchool? NationalStudyofSchoolEvaluation? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Middle School-Junior High School Evaluative Criteria Natl Study of School? NatlStudyofSchool? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Turbine Lubrication Society of Tribologists &? SocietyofTribologists&? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Principles of Construction of Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavements Asphalt Inst? AsphaltInst? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Home&Garden-How-to&HomeImprovements-Do-It-Yourself? Index to the Obituaries and Death Notices Appearing in the Dziennik Chicagoski, 1890-1899 Polish Genalogical Society? Thomas L. Hollowak? PolishGenalogicalSociety? ThomasL.Hollowak? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Perspectives on Vocational Education Purposes and Performance (Research Development Series, No 247) Ohio State Univ Center on Education? OhioStateUnivCenteronEducation? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-Vocational? Principles and a Philosophy for Vocational Education (Series Publication Series No. 48) Ohio State Univ Center on Education? Millerm Melvin D.? OhioStateUnivCenteronEducation? MillermMelvinD.? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-Vocational? American Poultry History 1823-1973 Amer Poultry Historical? O. A. Hanke? AmerPoultryHistorical? O.A.Hanke? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Space and Time in Landscape Architectural Landscape Architecture? William Mann? LandscapeArchitecture? WilliamMann? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Vikings in the West Archaeological Inst of Amer? ArchaeologicalInstofAmer? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Discipling of a Nation Overseas Crusades? James Montgomery? OverseasCrusades? JamesMontgomery? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Pumps and Pump Systems Amer Soc of Plumbing Engineers? AmerSocofPlumbingEngineers? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Motion Study and Violin Bowing Amer String Teachers Assn? Persival Hodgson? AmerStringTeachersAssn? PersivalHodgson? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Christian Secret of a Happy Life Natl Womens Christian? Hannah Whitall Smith? NatlWomensChristian? HannahWhitallSmith? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Religion&Spirituality-Christianity-Authors,A-Z-(S)-Smith,HannahWhitall? Geotextiles and Geomembranes Definitions, Properties and Design Industrial Fabric Assn Intl? Jean-Pierre Giroud? IndustrialFabricAssnIntl? Jean-PierreGiroud? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Sweetness in the Air Solo Pr? Gene Frumkin? SoloPr? GeneFrumkin? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Confessions of a Jewish Cultbuster Tosefos Media? Shea Hecht? Chaim Clorfene? Chaya Crosen? TosefosMedia? SheaHecht? ChaimClorfene? ChayaCrosen? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Confessions of a Jewish Cultbuster Tosefos Media? Shea Hecht? Chaim Clorfene? Chaya Crosen? TosefosMedia? SheaHecht? ChaimClorfene? ChayaCrosen? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Fatigue of Welded Steel Structures Welding Research Council? W. H. Munse? WeldingResearchCouncil? W.H.Munse? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Peace Bishops and the Arms Race Can Religious Leadership Help in Preventing War World Without War Pubns? George Weigal? WorldWithoutWarPubns? GeorgeWeigal? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Religion&Spirituality? Evolution of Complex and Higher Organisms A Report Prepared by the Participants of Workshops at Ames Research Ctr Moffet Field, Ca July 1981/May 82 United States Government Printing? UnitedStatesGovernmentPrinting? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Science-General Freedom Isn't Free a Boat People Story As Told by Phu Sam Kindred Pr? Evelyn Friesen? Sam Phu? KindredPr? EvelynFriesen? SamPhu? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Mennonite Brethren Mission in Latin America Kindred Pr? J. J. Toews? KindredPr? J.J.Toews? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Substores-UnknownASINs-8 洋書
https://w.atwiki.jp/gtasa-vehicles/pages/609.html
建設会社。 ラスベンチュラス空港貨物デポに本社がある。 あちこちにある建設現場はここの会社が管理している。SFのドハティとLVのクラウンズポケットの裏の現場には大型クレーンが建っていて、無意味に乗ることが出来る。
https://w.atwiki.jp/magham/pages/26.html
How To s Domination This is simply my own personal opinion on a tactical "How To" basis for Squad Leaders playing Domination as the Attacking faction. Mostly geared towards our new players out there that are just gaining enough points to lead their squads to victory... (or so we hope). D Side Note To place a FRAGO, simply press [SELECT]. This is now your "TCM". Simply move the Joystick, which will control the white target on the TCM. Highlight the object that you wish to FRAGO and press R1. Setting a Waypoint is exactly the same, however you must move the target to an acceptable area, and press (X). Pressing R2 will move over to the Cluster Bomb/UAV Radar command. These are deployed in the same fasion, by utilizing the Joystick and R1 to initiate. Domination - Squad Leader - Attacking. ? Place the FRAGO on the bunker that is closest to the BurnOff Tower. Leaving the FRAGO placed on the default BurnOff Tower is a severe mistake, and a definite Do-Not-Do. You will continue to face heavy opposition at the BurnOff Tower, so long as the bunkers are currently up and available. There is absolutely no point in struggling with the defending faction. You will only prove to either get very lucky and temporarily secure the BurnOff Tower, or repeatedly run to the tower which will result in repeated deaths. Take out the nearest bunker to the tower. For example if X = BurnOff Tower and O = Bunker O X O You will want to take out the LEFT (closest) O (Bunker). However, if your Bunkers are set up like SVER... where you have O O X O O At this point, you will want to communicate with the rest of your squad/platoon. FRAGO the FAR-LEFT Bunker, and work your way to the right. X in this instance can be either a BurnOff Tower or AAA. In either instance, work far-left and continue to frago the bunker directly next to it. Bunkers should be thought of as a priority at the start of a match, and the BurnOff Towers are second in heirarchy/priority. Once you eliminate the defending factions spawn points, they will have to run approximately 200-300m on foot before they can try to take the tower back from your platoon, which at this point should be picking off the lone-foot soldiers 1 -by- 1. Remember, FRAGO the bunker IMMEDIATELY before your communications are jammed. Players that are not able to communicate, or do not have a microphone, or are new to MAG, will most likely go to the flashing objective which will be a BurnOff Tower by default. If you ARE jammed before you even spawn, use your mic and repeatedly try to communicate your team to the bunker. ? Once the front-line of Bunkers have been destroyed, take the AAA immediately! Once you have your first BurnOff Tower secured, which will be located directly in the midst of the front-line of bunkers (which at this point should be destroyed), do NOT let the FRAGO sit on the 2nd BurnOff Tower. Remember, the BurnOff Towers are always FRAGO d by default, even while the FRAGo is placed elsewhere. Set this FRAGO to the AAA. Being as you re just now advancing into enemy lines, you will need the AAA destroyed to create a spawn for your platoon. Also, you will be able to call in a quick UAV for your Platoon Leader. The Platoon leader will be able to Precision Strike any bunkers that have been repaired, and even Strafing Run the respawning opposition. This whole ordeal can give you up to 2 minutes of free-reign in enemy territory. Destroying the AAA is an immediate necessity, right after the Bunkers. You can also keep the AAA FRAGO d while you are advancing through the remainder of the towers. This will result in FRAGO point at the tower and the AAA, as you re also very wisely defending the AAA from being repaired. Thus resulting in further bombing and destruction and crying from the opposition. I don t see any downfalls in this yet...! (Mortars and Motor Pools can also be FRAGO d at this point, it is your duty to make sure that your team is not being bombarded by gas and shells left and right.) ? Utilize the Cluster Bomb wisely. Please remember that you CANNOT, I repeat, CANNOT get your bombers to successfully deliver a Cluster Bomb while the AAA is still active. Very often at the very start of the match, you hear your Squad Leader initiate the Cluster Bomb, only to hear "Our bombers can t get past the Triple A!". There is no "luck" involved here, and you have to destroy the AAA before you can bomb the enemy. As a suggestion, do not cluster bomb bunkers. You will almost be guarenteed to kill friendlies. Hang on to your Cluster Bomb, because you will be able to use this on your last Tower before you open your Letter Objectives. Obviously, if you see no victory in sight, then bomb away on the Bunker/Tower. Assuming everything is running as planned, and you re on the last tower with 22 00 remaining, set the Cluster Bomb directly behind the last Tower which will be close to the enemies spawn point. Remember, with no bunkers available, the enemy will be coming FROM the Spawn - TO the Tower. Find the happy medium and rack up the kills. ? Focus your attack on ONE, Objective Letter at a time! Try your best to communicate to your Squad, that you MUST be attacking only one objective letter at a time. If your Sqaud is splitting up and trying to take both A and B, rather than just A, you ll be half as likely to succeed. Focusing your attack on Objective Letters can almost be thought of as attacking the Bunkers. Once you take one, you ll have a nice zone secured where the rest of your Platoon can congegrate without worrying about massive opposition. From there, you ll have a massive group of players surrounding you, all ready to steam-roll the next Objective over (A B, C D, E F, G H). Always start with the lower of the alphabet as a general rule. However, don t be affraid to change this up if you re failing for 5-6 minutes. Change is good! ? If you are uncomfortable being the Squad Leader - Pass Leadership! Again, just as my "Defending Squad Leader" How To will tell you Everyone deserves a chance to lead their squad to victory. However, this task can sometimes be unwanted.. or even intimidating to a player that is not on the verge of achieving victory. There is no shame in passing the leadership on to another player! It just may be that your play style is not getting the job done. Simply press [START] and press Triangle. Select NONE for the Leadership Role that you wish to change to, and the Squad Leader will be handed down to another squad member. Please remember that if you have a MIC, it is common courtesy to inform the player that becomes the Squad Leader that they are in fact... the new Squad Leader. Do not assume that they are staring at the list of squad members, as this is very often over-looked. ? Use your Waypoints! Again, just as my "Defending Squad Leader" How To will tell you Sometimes setting the correct FRAGO is just not enough. Believe it or not, new players will see this mysterious yellow badge and run directly at it trying to find that pot-o-gold. If players are not able to receive your MIC communication through their headset/TV, the Waypoint makes an excellent "Hey go here!" sign for these players. It is used to relay your route of attack to your team. Placing a Waypoint to the right of a Bunker is telling your team to rally at the waypoint and proceed to attack the bunker. ? Stay in constant contact with your PL s and OIC! Again, just as my "Defending Squad Leader" How To will tell you Do not hesitate to ask when the next available Tactical Refresh is. Ask if any listening leaders require any additional back-up if your Squad is doing a superb job and can spare a few grunts. And also, do not hesitate to ask for backup. Rather than deny yourself the joy of opening and securing your Objective Letters, by continuing onward in denial with the "I got this..." attitude... ask for help! Sometimes you just need that extra body or two to help you crush the enemy! As always, hit me with your feedback as it s appreciated. Let s keep this thread as informative and useful as possible to our new Squad Leaders out there. Tactics and Strategies
https://w.atwiki.jp/todo314/pages/154.html
Sampling Community Structure Arun S. Maiya, Tanya Y. Berger-Wolf WWW 2010 概要 expander graphのコンセプトによるコミュニティのサンプリング手法 コミュニティ検出で推論っぽいこと？もできるらしい 問題 X(S) = |N(S)|/|S| 隣接頂点数/頂点数 サイズkのサンプルSがcommunity representative sample minimize D[P_S(G(S)), P_S(G)] D[,]は分割に対する距離尺度 P_S(G)はGを使って作られた分割 手法 X(S)の最小化もあるけれどそうではなくて、最大のサンプルを見つけたい 2つ手法を考えたよ Snowball Expansion Sampler (XSN) 最初の頂点を適当に選ぶ k個選ぶまで、|N({v})-(N(S)∪S)|が最大の頂点をSに追加 何でこの式なのかは何か説明されている つまり単にX(S)についてGreedyするだけ MCMC (XMC) Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation |N(S)|/|V-S|をスコアとする スコアがよくなったら更新、悪くなったら[新しいスコア/今のスコア]^pみたいな確率で更新 実験 コミュニティ検出手法 Girvan-Newman algorithm (GN) Newman’s leading eigenvector method (NLE) An algorithm based on greedy optimization (CNM) 評価基準 分割の距離関数D 分割が同一になるようにするために削除する頂点数の最小値 サンプルから出来たコミュニティの頂点達が元のでかいグラフから出来た同じコミュニティに入っていると良い サンプル内のコミュニティの割合も考える ↑2つを混ぜるよ FRAC...recall サンプル内のコミュニティの割合？？？（高いほうが良い PART...precision 距離関数の値を正規化して1-xを計算（高い方が良い F-scoreを計算する Composite = (2FRAC+PART)/(FRAC+PART) 結果 XSNがかなりよさげ FRACもPARTもCompositeも 次数分布とクラスタ係数も比べてみたお べつにあんまり良くない まとめ ふ～ん 理論的にどうこう無いし、気合いで説得なのかなあ？ WWW community detection 2013-12-31 19 17 44 (Tue)
https://w.atwiki.jp/elvis/pages/8359.html
Primary Mathematics for the Caribbean Macmillan Caribbean? Melvyn Nolan? MacmillanCaribbean? MelvynNolan? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Science,Nature&HowItWorks-Math? Subjects-Science-Mathematics? Skyline 2 CD Audio Split B Macmillan ELT? Brewster Et Al? MacmillanELT? BrewsterEtAl? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Skyline 3 CD Audio Split A Macmillan ELT? Brewster Et Al? MacmillanELT? BrewsterEtAl? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Skyline 3 CD Audio Split B Macmillan ELT? Brewster Et Al? MacmillanELT? BrewsterEtAl? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Skyline Macmillan ELT? Brewster? et al? MacmillanELT? Brewster? etal? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Formats-AudioCDs-General? Formats-Audiocassettes-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? My Father Sun-Sun Johnson Macmillan Caribbean? C.Everard Palmer? MacmillanCaribbean? C.EverardPalmer? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Literature? Subjects-Literature&Fiction? Skyline Macmillan ELT? Brewster? et al? MacmillanELT? Brewster? etal? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Formats-AudioCDs-General? Formats-Audiocassettes-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? Skyline Macmillan ELT? Brewster? et al? MacmillanELT? Brewster? etal? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Formats-AudioCDs-General? Formats-Audiocassettes-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? Skyline Macmillan ELT? Brewster? et al? MacmillanELT? Brewster? etal? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Formats-AudioCDs-General? Formats-Audiocassettes-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? In the Land of the Shak Shak Tree Macmillan Caribbean? Jade Small? Rachel Parker? MacmillanCaribbean? JadeSmall? RachelParker? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Literature? Little Elephant 1 TB English Macmillan ELT? Roig Et Al? MacmillanELT? RoigEtAl? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Little Elephant 2 TB English Macmillan ELT? Roig Et Al? MacmillanELT? RoigEtAl? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Caribbean Jnr Soc Stud Atlas 3rd Ed Macmillan Caribbean? MacmillanCaribbean? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Pri Maths 2 AB Sierra Leone Macmillan Education Ltd? MacmillanEducationLtd? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Science,Nature&HowItWorks-Math? Pri Maths 2 TB Sierra Leone Macmillan Education Ltd? MacmillanEducationLtd? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Science,Nature&HowItWorks-Math? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Sue Kay? Vaughan Jones? MacmillanELT? SueKay? VaughanJones? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Philip Kerr? MacmillanELT? PhilipKerr? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Philip Kerr? MacmillanELT? PhilipKerr? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Health,Mind&Body-BooksonCD-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Formats-AudioCDs-Health,Mind&Body-General? Formats-AudioCDs-General? Formats-Audiocassettes-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Helena Gomm? MacmillanELT? HelenaGomm? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Philip Kerr? MacmillanELT? PhilipKerr? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Inside Out V Sb Promo Macmillan ELT? Jones C et el? MacmillanELT? JonesCetel? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Ceri Jones? MacmillanELT? CeriJones? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Sue Kay? Vaughan Jones? MacmillanELT? SueKay? VaughanJones? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Helena Gomm? Jon Hird? MacmillanELT? HelenaGomm? JonHird? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Sue Kay? Vaughan Jones? MacmillanELT? SueKay? VaughanJones? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCassette? Formats-AudioCDs-General? Formats-Audiocassettes-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Helena Gomm? Jon Hird? MacmillanELT? HelenaGomm? JonHird? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCD? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCD? Formats-AudioCDs-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Helena Gomm? MacmillanELT? HelenaGomm? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCD? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCD? Formats-AudioCDs-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Helena Gomm? Jon Hird? MacmillanELT? HelenaGomm? JonHird? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCD? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-EnglishLanguageTeaching-General? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-BooksonCD? Formats-AudioCDs-Languages-EnglishasaForeignLanguage? Brilliant A Pb Song CD Pk Macmillan ELT? Perrett-Tamami J? MacmillanELT? Perrett-TamamiJ? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Brilliant B Pb Song CD Pk Macmillan ELT? Perrett-Tamami J? MacmillanELT? Perrett-TamamiJ? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Encounters from Africa Intnl Macmillan Education Ltd? Williams & Muutu? MacmillanEducationLtd? Williams&Muutu? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Hippo Is Hungry (Reading Worlds - Discovery World - Level 1) Macmillan Education Ltd? Clare M G Kemp? MacmillanEducationLtd? ClareMGKemp? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-Reference-Words&Language-Readers? Subjects-Reference-Words&Language-Readers? Eng for Agriculture Dictionary Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Sharing Our World 1 Pb New for 2001 Macmillan Education Ltd? Gladys Wambuzi & Tom Buke? MacmillanEducationLtd? GladysWambuzi&TomBuke? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Sharing Our World 4 TB New for 2002 Macmillan Education Ltd? Gladys Wambuzi & Tom Buke? MacmillanEducationLtd? GladysWambuzi&TomBuke? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Sue Kay? Vaughan Jones? MacmillanELT? SueKay? VaughanJones? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Inside Out Macmillan ELT? Sue Kay? Vaughan Jones? MacmillanELT? SueKay? VaughanJones? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Racing Car (Slide-along-the-slot Books) Macmillan Children s Books? Helen Stephens? MacmillanChildren sBooks? HelenStephens? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Baby-3-BoardBooks? Subjects-Children sBooks-Science,Nature&HowItWorks-Transportation-General? Subjects-Children sBooks-Sports&Activities-ActivityBooks-Cut&Assemble? Subjects-Nonfiction-Automotive-Racing? Subjects-Sports-Miscellaneous-MotorSports? The Cold War (History in Depth) Palgrave Macmillan? Derek Wise? PalgraveMacmillan? DerekWise? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-History&HistoricalFiction? Subjects-History-World-20thCentury? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-PoliticalScience-General? Busy Digger (Slide-along-the-slot Books) Macmillan Children s Books? Helen Stephens? MacmillanChildren sBooks? HelenStephens? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Baby-3-BoardBooks? Subjects-Children sBooks-Science,Nature&HowItWorks-Transportation-General? Subjects-Children sBooks-Sports&Activities-ActivityBooks-Cut&Assemble? Speaking for Patients and Carers Palgrave Macmillan? Rob Baggott? Judith Allsop? Kathryn Jones? PalgraveMacmillan? RobBaggott? JudithAllsop? KathrynJones? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Medicine-General? Subjects-Science-Medicine-General? Teaching Health-care Workers Macmillan Education Ltd? Fred Abbatt? Rosemary McMahon? MacmillanEducationLtd? FredAbbatt? RosemaryMcMahon? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Medicine-Nursing-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-InstructionMethod-General? Subjects-Science-Medicine-Nursing-General? African Short Stories in English Macmillan Education Ltd? J.De Grandsaigne? MacmillanEducationLtd? J.DeGrandsaigne? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Literature&Fiction-WorldLiterature-UnitedStates-Collections&Readers? Political Sociology (Skills-based Sociology) Macmillan? Warren Kidd? Karen Legge? Macmillan? WarrenKidd? KarenLegge? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-Sociology? A History of Marxian Economics (Radical Economics) Palgrave Macmillan? M.C. Howard? J.E. King? PalgraveMacmillan? M.C.Howard? J.E.King? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Theory? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Theory? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Theory? A History of Marxian Economics (Radical Economics) Palgrave Macmillan? M.C. Howard? J.E. King? PalgraveMacmillan? M.C.Howard? J.E.King? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Theory? Subjects-History-HistoricalStudy-HistoryofIdeas? Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-PoliticalScience-PoliticalDoctrines-Marxism? Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-PoliticalScience-PoliticalDoctrines-Socialism? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Theory? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Theory? Little Wizard 2 Flashcards Macmillan ELT? House & Scott? MacmillanELT? House&Scott? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 History of Harbour Island Macmillan Caribbean? Anne Lawlor? MacmillanCaribbean? AnneLawlor? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-History-Americas? Caribbean Classics - the Autobiogra Macmillan Caribbean? Esteban Montejo? MacmillanCaribbean? EstebanMontejo? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Super Bus 2 Pb Song CD Pk Split Macmillan ELT? Lobo & Subira? MacmillanELT? Lobo&Subira? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Substores-UnknownASINs-8 洋書
https://w.atwiki.jp/kumicit/pages/960.html
批判サイド 資料集 その他 Steven Pinkerの「何故、嬰児を殺すのか」 以下は、1997年11月2日にNew York Timesに掲載されたSteven Pinkerの執筆物である。 Steven Pinker, "Why They Kill Their Newborns" Killing your baby. what could be more depraved? For a woman to destroy the fruit of her womb would seem like an ultimate violation of the natural order. But every year, hundreds of women commit neonaticide they kill their newborns or let them die. Most neonaticides remain undiscovered, but every once in a while a janitor follows a trail of blood to a tiny body in a trash bin, or a woman faints and doctors find the remains of a placenta inside her. 自分の赤ちゃんを殺すこと。それくらい悪いことはないでしょう？ 女性が胎内の実（子）を殺すのは、自然の秩序に対する最終的侵犯のようも思えます。しかし、毎年。数百人の女性が嬰児殺を犯しています。彼女たちは嬰児を殺すたり、死なせたりしています。大半の嬰児殺は見つからないままでしょう。でも、時として、管理人がゴミ箱に血の跡を見つけ。それをたどって嬰児の死体を見つけることがあります。あるいは、気絶した女性を診察した医師が、その体内に胎盤の残骸を見出します。 Two cases have recently riveted the American public. Last November, Amy Grossberg and Brian Peterson, 18-year-old college sweethearts, delivered their baby in a motel room and, according to prosecutors, killed him and left his body in a Dumpster. They will go on trial for murder next year and, if convicted, could be sentenced to death. In June, another 18-year-old, Melissa Drexler, arrived at her high-school prom, locked herself in a bathroom stall, gave birth to a boy and left him dead in a garbage can. Everyone knows what happened next she touched herself up and returned to the dance floor. In September, a grand jury indicted her for murder. 先ごろ、2つの事件が米国市民の目を釘付けにしました。検察官によれば、この11月に、Amy Grossberg とBrian Petersonという18歳の学生である恋人たちが、自分たちの赤ちゃんをモーテルに運んで、殺して、ゴミ箱に捨てました。二人は来年、殺人罪で裁判にかけられ、有罪になれば、死刑宣告もありえます。また6月には18歳のDumpsterが、高校のダンスパーティー会場に出かけて、トイレに入って中から鍵をかけて、男児を産んで、ゴミ箱の中で死なせました。その後、何が起きたか、みんな知っています。彼女はメイクしなおして、ダンスフロアにもどりました。9月に大陪審は彼女を殺人罪で起訴しました。 How could they do it? Nothing melts the heart like a helpless baby. Even a biologist s cold calculations tell us that nurturing an offspring that carries our genes is the whole point of our existence. Neonaticide, many think, could be only a product of pathology. The psychiatrists uncover childhood trauma. The defense lawyers argue temporary psychosis. The pundits blame a throwaway society, permissive sex education and, of course, rock lyrics. こんなことを彼女たちはどうして、してしまったのでしょうか？ 何もできない赤ちゃんほど、心を溶かすものはないのに。生物学者の冷たい計算も、私たちの遺伝子を運ぶ子孫の養育こそが、私たちのすべてであると告げています。多くの人が、嬰児殺を精神異常のせいだと考えるでしょう。精神科医は小児期精神的外傷を見つけ出すでしょう。被告側弁護団は一時的な精神病だったと論じるでしょう。専門家たちは、使い捨て社会や甘すぎる性教育や、もちろんロックの歌詞のせいだと言うでしょう。 But it s hard to maintain that neonaticide is an illness when we learn that it has been practiced and accepted in most cultures throughout history. And that neonaticidal women do not commonly show signs of psychopathology. In a classic 1970 study of statistics of child killing, a psychiatrist, Phillip Resnick, found that mothers who kill their older children are frequently psychotic, depressed or suicidal, but mothers who kill their newborns are usually not. (It was this difference that led Resnick to argue that the category infanticide be split into neonaticide, the killing of a baby on the day of its birth, and filicide, the killing of a child older than one day. ) しかし、私たちは、嬰児殺が歴史を通じて実行されてきており、多くの文化に受け入れられていたと知れば、嬰児殺を精神病であるという主張するのは困難になるでしょう。そして、嬰児殺をした女性は、一般に精神病の徴候を示しません。幼児殺害についての精神科医Phillip Resnickによる1970年の古典的研究によれば、誕生後1日以上経過した子供を殺した母親の多くは精神病だったり憂鬱だったり自殺しそうだったりしましたが、誕生当日の嬰児を殺した母親はそうではありませんでした。（この違いが、Phillip Resnickに、幼児殺害を誕生当時の嬰児殺と1日以上経過した子殺しに2分させたのでした。） Killing a baby is an immoral act, and we often express our outrage at the immoral by calling it a sickness. But normal human motives are not always moral, and neonaticide does not have to be a product of malfunctioning neural circuitry or a dysfunctional upbringing. We can try to understand what would lead a mother to kill her newborn, remembering that to understand is not necessarily to forgive. 赤ちゃんを殺すことは非倫理的な行動であり、その非倫理さを精神病と呼ぶことで、私たち自身の怒りを表現します。しかし、健常な人の動機は必ずしも倫理的ではありません。そして、嬰児殺は、故障した神経回路や機能不全の躾の結果でないといけないということはありません。私たちは何が母親に嬰児殺をさせたのかを理解しようとすることはできます。しかし、理解しても、必ずしも許せるわけではありません。 Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, both psychologists, argue that a capacity for neonaticide is built into the biological design of our parental emotions. Mammals are extreme among animals in the amount of time, energy and food they invest in their young, and humans are extreme among mammals. Parental investment is a limited resource, and mammalian mothers must decide whether to allot it to their newborn or to their current and future offspring. If a newborn is sickly, or if its survival is not promising, they may cut their losses and favor the healthiest in the litter or try again later on. Martin DalyとMargo Wilsonはともに心理学者で、嬰児殺の機能が、私たちの親としての感情の生物学的デザインに組み込まれていると論じています。哺乳類はほかの動物たちよりも、非常に多くの時間とエネルギーと食物を子供たちに投じています。そして、哺乳類の中でも人類は極端に多くを費やしています。親としての投資は限りある資源であり、哺乳理の母親は、その限られた資源を新生児に費やすのか、現在いる子供たちに費やすのか、あるいは未来の子供たちに費やすのかを"決め"なければなりません。新生児が病気だったり、生き残れそうになければ、哺乳類の母親たちは損切りして、最も健康な子供に資源を投じるか、再挑戦することを選好するかもしれません。 In most cultures, neonaticide is a form of this triage. Until very recently in human evolutionary history, mothers nursed their children for two to four years before becoming fertile again. Many children died, especially in the perilous first year. Most women saw no more than two or three of their children survive to adulthood, and many did not see any survive. To become a grandmother, a woman had to make hard choices. In most societies documented by anthropologists, including those of hunter-gatherers (our best glimpse into our ancestors way of life), a woman lets a newborn die when its prospects for survival to adulthood are poor. The forecast might be based on abnormal signs in the infant, or on bad circumstances for successful motherhood at the time -- she might be burdened with older children, beset by war or famine or without a husband or social support. Moreover, she might be young enough to try again. 大半の文化において、嬰児殺はトリアージの一種です。人類の進化史のほんのつい最近まで、母親は再び妊娠するまでに2～4年にわたって子供たちの世話をしていました。多くの子供たちが死んでいきました。特に、危険な最初の年には多くの子供たちが死んでいきました。ほとんど女性は2～3人以上の子供たちが成人するのを目にすることはありませんでした。お祖母さんになるには、女性は厳しい選択をしなければならなかったのです。人類学者が記録した社会のほとんどで、私たちの祖先の生活様式の最高のもののひとつである狩猟採集文化も含めて、成人できそうにない新生児を死なせてきました。成人できそうかどうかの予想は、嬰児の異常な徴候かもしれません。あるいは、その時点では母親として成功するために状況が悪いからかもしれません。年上の子供たちに手がかかっているからだったり、戦争や飢饉だったり、夫や社会の支えがないからかもしれません。さらに、彼女はまだ若くて、もういちど挑戦できるからかもしれません。 We are all descendants of women who made the difficult decisions that allowed them to become grandmothers in that unforgiving world, and we inherited that brain circuitry that led to those decisions. Daly and Wilson have shown that the statistics on neonaticide in contemporary North America parallel those in the anthropological literature. The women who sacrifice their offspring tend to be young, poor, unmarried and socially isolated. 私たちは、容赦なき世界で、お祖母さんになることができた厳しい選択をした女性の子孫なのです。そして、私たちは、そのような選択した脳回路を受け継いでいます。Martin DalyとMargo Wilsonは、北米の同時代の嬰児殺の統計と人類学の文献が同じ傾向であることを示しました。子供たちを犠牲にした女性たちは、若くて、貧しくて、結婚していなくて、社会的に孤立している傾向がありました。 Natural selection cannot push the buttons of behavior directly; it affects our behavior by endowing us with emotions that coax us toward adaptive choices. New mothers have always faced a choice between a definite tragedy now and the possibility of an even greater tragedy months or years later, and that choice is not to be taken lightly. Even today, the typical rumination of a depressed new mother -- how will I cope with this burden? -- is a legitimate concern. The emotional response called bonding is also far more complex than the popular view, in which a woman is imprinted with a lifelong attachment to her baby if they interact in a critical period immediately following the baby s birth. A new mother will first coolly assess the infant and her current situation and only in the next few days begin to see it as a unique and wonderful individual. Her love will gradually deepen in ensuing years, in a trajectory that tracks the increasing biological value of a child (the chance that it will live to produce grandchildren) as the child proceeds through the mine field of early development. 自然選択は、直接に私たちの振る舞いのボタンを押せません。それは、適応的な選択へを私たちを誘う感情によって、私たちの振る舞いに影響を及ぼします。新しい母親は常に、現在の明確な悲劇と、数か月あるいは数年後のもっと大きな悲劇の可能性の間の選択に直面します。そして、その選択は軽々しくできるものではありません。今でも、憂鬱な思いの新しい母親の重荷にどう対処するかは、重い問題です。母子愛着関係(bonding)と呼ばれる感情反応も、「赤ちゃんの誕生直後のクリティカルな期間に母子が相互作用すれば、女性は赤ちゃんへの生涯の愛着を刷り込まれる」という、一般人が思っているより複雑です。新しい母親は、最初はクールに嬰児と自分の状況を評価し、ほんの数日で、かけがえのない素晴らしい存在だとみなし始めます。子供が成長初期の地雷原を乗り越えて、子供の生物学的価値（孫をつくるまで生き延びる可能性）が高まるにつれ、母親の愛情は次第に深まります。 Even when a mother in a hunter-gatherer society hardens her heart to sacrifice a newborn, her heart has not turned to stone. Anthropologists who interview these women (or their relatives, since the event is often too painful for the woman to discuss) discover that the women see the death as an unavoidable tragedy, grieve at the time and remember the child with pain all their lives. Even the supposedly callous Melissa Drexler agonized over a name for her dead son and wept at his funeral. (Initial reports that, after giving birth, she requested a Metallica song from the deejay and danced with her boyfriend turned out to be false.) 狩猟採集社会の母親が新生児を犠牲にするように鉄の心臓になっても、心臓は石にはなりません。これらの女性（あるいは家族、というのは、そのような出来事は女性にとって話すには悲しすぎるから）をインタビューした人類学者は、女性たちが新生児の死を不可避の悲劇と見ていて、その時点では嘆き悲しみ、生涯にわたって、痛みとともにその子のことを覚えていることを見出しました。冷淡だとみられていたMelissa Drexlerも、死んだ子の名に苦しみ、葬儀で嘆き悲しみました（最初、出産後に彼女はメタリカの歌をリクエストして、ボーイフレンドと踊っていたと報道されましたが、それは誤りであることが判明しています）。 Many cultural practices are designed to distance people s emotions from a newborn until its survival seems probable. Full personhood is often not automatically granted at birth, as we see in our rituals of christening and the Jewish bris. And yet the recent neonaticides still seem puzzling. These are middle-class girls whose babies would have been kept far from starvation by the girls parents or by any of thousands of eager adoptive couples. But our emotions, fashioned by the slow hand of natural selection, respond to the signals of the long-vanished tribal environment in which we spent 99 percent of our evolutionary history. Being young and single are two bad omens for successful motherhood, and the girl who conceals her pregnancy and procrastinates over its consequences will soon be disquieted by a third omen. She will give birth in circumstances that are particularly unpromising for a human mother alone. 多くの文化的習慣で、新生児が生き延びられそうだとわかるまで、人々の感情を新生児から離しておくようにデザインされています。洗礼命名式やユダヤ人の割礼儀式でわかるように、完全な人間としての扱いが自動的に付与されないことが、しばしば見られます。それでも、最近の嬰児殺は謎めいています。これらの女性たちはミドルクラスであり、その両親たちにより新生児は幾千のカップルの誰よりも豊かでしょう。しかし、自然選択というゆっくりとしか進まない過程によって形成される私たちの感情は、私たちの進化史の99%の時間の過ごした種族たちの環境のシグナルに反応します。若くて独身であることは、母親として成功するには悪い2つの兆しであり、妊娠を隠して、成行きのままにしておくと、すぐに3つめの兆しに動揺することになります。人間の母親にとって特に良くない状態である、一人で出産することになります。 In hunter-gatherer societies, births are virtually always assisted because human anatomy makes birth (especially the first one) long, difficult and risky. Older women act as midwives, emotional supports and experienced appraisers who help decide whether the infant should live. Wenda Trevathan, an anthropologist and trained midwife, has studied pelvises of human fossils and concluded that childbirth has been physically tortuous, and therefore probably assisted, for millions of years. Maternal feelings may be adapted to a world in which a promising newborn is heralded with waves of cooing and clucking and congratulating. Those reassuring signals are absent from a secret birth in a motel room or a bathroom stall. 特に第一子のとき、人体の構造上、出産は長くて難しくて危険なものになるので、狩猟採集社会では事実上、常に手助けがなされます。年長の女性が助産婦として感情的な手助けと、経験豊かな鑑定人として嬰児が生きるべきか否か判断する役割を果たします。人類学者であり助産婦としての訓練も受けているWenda Trevathanは、ヒト化石の骨盤を観察して、数百万年にわたって、出産が苦しいものであり、手助けを必要としてきたと結論しています。母親としての感情は、おめでとうの声によって、成人できそうな新生児の誕生を告げられる世界に適応しているかもしれません。でも、モーテルの部屋やトイレでの秘かに出産する場合、そのような強いシグナルはありません。 So what is the mental state of a teen-age mother who has kept her pregnancy secret? She is immature enough to have hoped that her pregnancy would go away by itself, her maternal feelings have been set at zero and she suddenly realizes she is in big trouble. Sometimes she continues to procrastinate. In September, 17-year-old Shanta Clark gave birth to a premature boy and kept him hidden in her bedroom closet, as if he were E.T., for 17 days. She fed him before and after she went to school until her mother discovered him. The weak cry of the preemie kept him from being discovered earlier. (In other cases, girls have panicked over the crying and, in stifling the cry, killed the baby.) それでは、妊娠を秘密にしておいた10代の母親の精神状態はどのようなものでしょうか？ 彼女は妊娠が勝手になかったことになるのを望みくらいに未熟で、母親としての感情はゼロになり、突然に大きなトラブル状態にあるのだと気づきます。時には、彼女は先延ばしにします。17歳のShanta Clarkは早産の子を産んで、その子をETのようにベッドルームのクローゼットに17日間にわたって、隠し続けました。彼女の母親がその子を見つけるまで、学校へ行く前と、学校から帰った後、その子に栄養分を与えていました。早産の子の泣き声は弱くて、なかなか見つからなかったのです。（他の事件では、女性たちは赤ちゃんが泣くことにパニックになって、泣かないようにしようとして、赤ちゃんを殺しています） Most observers sense the desperation that drives a woman to neonaticide. Prosecutors sometimes don t prosecute; juries rarely convict; those found guilty almost never go to jail. Barbara Kirwin, a forensic psychologist, reports that in nearly 300 cases of women charged with neonaticide in the United States and Britain, no woman spent more than a night in jail. In Europe, the laws of several countries prescribed less-severe penalties for neonaticide than for adult homicides. The fascination with the Grossberg-Peterson case comes from the unusual threat of the death penalty. Even those in favor of capital punishment might shudder at the thought of two reportedly nice kids being strapped to gurneys and put to death. このような事件をみると、ほとんどの人は嬰児殺に女性を追いやった自暴自棄を感じます。検察官は訴追しないことがあります。陪審員はほとんど有罪を評決しません。有罪になっても、ほとんどは収監されません。科学捜査心理学者Barbara Kirwinは米英で嬰児殺で女性が有罪になった300件近くを調べて、一晩以上、刑務所に収容された女性がいないことを報告しています。欧州の数か国では、成人の殺人よりも嬰児殺の刑罰を軽くした法律を定めています。Grossberg-Peterson事件では死刑にすくむことになります。厳罰主義をとる人々であっても、素敵な子供たちと報道された二人の死刑を想像すれば、ぞっとすることでしょう。 But our compassion hinges on the child, not just on the mother. Killers of older children, no matter how desperate, evoke little mercy. Susan Smith, the South Carolina woman who sent her two sons, 14 months and 3 years old, to watery deaths, is in jail, unmourned, serving a life sentence. The leniency shown to neonaticidal mothers forces us to think the unthinkable and ask if we, like many societies and like the mothers themselves, are not completely sure whether a neonate is a full person. しかし、私たちの同情は、母親ではなく、子供で決まります。どんなに自暴自棄の母親であっても、年長の子供を殺した場合、同情心を私たちは呼び起されません。生後14か月と3歳の二人の子供を水死させたサウスカロライナ州のSusan Smithは、刑務所にいて、誰にも嘆かれることもなく、終身刑に服しています。嬰児殺をした母親に対して私たちが同情心を持つことは、多くの社会や多くの母親自身と同じく、私たちに、新生児が正式に人間であるかどうか、完全にはわかっていないという、考えにくいことを考えさせ、問いかけます。 It seems obvious that we need a clear boundary to confer personhood on a human being and grant it a right to life. Otherwise, we approach a slippery slope that ends in the disposal of inconvenient people or in grotesque deliberations on the value of individual lives. But the endless abortion debate shows how hard it is to locate the boundary. Anti-abortionists draw the line at conception, but that implies we should shed tears every time an invisible conceptus fails to implant in the uterus -- and, to carry the argument to its logical conclusion, that we should prosecute for murder anyone who uses an IUD. Those in favor of abortion draw the line at viability, but viability is a fuzzy gradient that depends on how great a risk of an impaired child the parents are willing to tolerate. The only thing both sides agree on is that the line must be drawn at some point before birth. 私たちには、人間に人間性を与え、生きる権利を与えるための、明確な境界線が必要なことは明らかなようです。でないと、私たちは、不都合な人々を処分したり、個人の生命の価値に関するグロテスクな議論に終わる滑り坂論に陥ってしまいます。しかし、終わることのない妊娠中絶論争は、境界線を見つけることが、どれだけ困難かを示しています。反中絶主義者たちは受精を以て線を引きます。しかし、それは目に見えない受精卵が子宮に着床に失敗するたびに、涙を流すべきだということを意味します。そして、論理的帰結はIUDを使ったら人をすべて殺人罪で起訴しなければならなくなります。妊娠中絶を求める人々は、生存能力で線を引きます。しかし、生存能力は子供のリスクをどこまで両親が容認するかに依存した、あいまいなものです。両サイドが合意できることは、誕生前のどこかの時点に線を引かなければならないということです。 Neonaticide forces us to examine even that boundary. To a biologist, birth is as arbitrary a milestone as any other. Many mammals bear offspring that see and walk as soon as they hit the ground. But the incomplete 9-month-old human fetus must be evicted from the womb before its outsize head gets too big to fit through its mother s pelvis. The usual primate assembly process spills into the first years in the world. And that complicates our definition of personhood. 嬰児殺はその境界線を調べさせるものです。生物学者にとって誕生は、他と同じく任意のマイルストーンです。多くの哺乳類は、子供たちが地面に降りたら、すぐに目が見えて歩けるようになるまで、子供を胎内にとどめています。しかし、人間の場合は、特大の頭が、母親の骨盤を通れなくなる前に、不完全な9か月の胎児は子宮から追い立てられます。普通の霊長類の組み立て過程では、一年目に子宮から胎児を外へ出します。そのことが人間の定義を難しくします。 What makes a living being a person with a right not to be killed? Animal-rights extremists would seem to have the easiest argument to make that all sentient beings have a right to life. But champions of that argument must conclude that delousing a child is akin to mass murder; the rest of us must look for an argument that draws a smaller circle. Perhaps only the members of our own species, Homo sapiens, have a right to life? But that is simply chauvinism; a person of one race could just as easily say that people of another race have no right to life. 何を以て、生存権を持つ人間とするのでしょうか？ 動物の権利過激派は、すべての感覚を持つ存在は生存権を有するという、最も簡単な議論をします。しかし、その論の擁護者は、子供からシラミを駆除することを、大量殺人と同義だと結論しなければならなくなります。動物の権利過激派でないなら、もう少し範囲を限定することを模索しなければなりません。私たち自身の種たるホモサピエンスにのみ生存権がある？ しかし、それは単なる盲目的愛国心にすぎません。ある人種に属する人は、他の人種に属する人に生存権がないのだと、たやすく言えてしまうことになるからです。 No, the right to life must come, the moral philosophers say, from morally significant traits that we humans happen to possess. One such trait is having a unique sequence of experiences that defines us as individuals and connects us to other people. Other traits include an ability to reflect upon ourselves as a continuous locus of consciousness, to form and savor plans for the future, to dread death and to express the choice not to die. And there s the rub our immature neonates don t possess these traits any more than mice do. 生存権は、私たち人間が偶然にも所有することになった倫理的に顕著な特徴に基づくものだと、倫理哲学者たちは主張します。そのような特徴は、個人としての私たちを定め、他の人々との関係を形成する個別の経験の系列を持っています。他の特徴は、意識の連続した軌跡として私たち自身に影響を及ぼす能力を持っています。それによって、未来への計画を立てて実行し、死を恐れ、死なないように判断します。しかし、ここで問題があります。私たちの未熟な嬰児は、このような特徴をネズミほども持っていません。 Several moral philosophers have concluded that neonates are not persons, and thus neonaticide should not be classified as murder. Michael Tooley has gone so far as to say that neonaticide ought to be permitted during an interval after birth. Most philosophers (to say nothing of nonphilosophers) recoil from that last step, but the very fact that there can be a debate about the personhood of neonates, but no debate about the personhood of older children, makes it clearer why we feel more sympathy for an Amy Grossberg than for a Susan Smith. 倫理哲学者のなかには、嬰児は人間ではなく、嬰児殺は殺人には当たらないと結論した者たちもいます。Michael Tooleyは、誕生後一定期間内の嬰児殺は許容されるべきだとまで言いました。ほとんどの哲学者たち、そして言うまでもなく哲学者でない人々は、そこまでは進めません。しかし、嬰児より年長の子供たちは人間であることに議論の余地はありません。そして、そのことが、Susan SmithよりもAmy Grossbergに同情を感じる理由を明らかにしています。 So how do you provide grounds for outlawing neonaticide? The facts don t make it easy. Some philosophers suggest that people intuitively see neonates as so similar to older babies that you couldn t allow neonaticide without coarsening the way people treat children and other people in general. Again, the facts say otherwise. Studies in both modern and hunter-gatherer societies have found that neonaticidal women don t kill anyone but their newborns, and when they give birth later under better conditions, they can be devoted, loving mothers. では、嬰児殺を法律違反だとするための根拠を何に求めればいいでしょうか？ 事実では問題は解決しません。ある哲学者たちは、人々は直観的に嬰児とそれより成長した赤ちゃんたちを同様に見ていて、子供たちと他の人々を同様に扱うようにすることなく、嬰児殺を犯せないと主張しました。しかし、事実はそれに反しています。現代でも狩猟採集社会についての調査でも、嬰児殺の女性は自身の新生児のみを殺すことが明らかになっています。さらに、彼女らが嬰児殺の後に、よい状況の下で出産すれば、献身的で愛情豊かな母親となれることが明らかになっています。 The laws of biology were not kind to Amy Grossberg and Melissa Drexler, and they are not kind to us as we struggle to make moral sense of the teen-agers actions. One predicament is that our moral system needs a crisp inauguration of personhood, but the assembly process for Homo sapiens is gradual, piecemeal and uncertain. Another problem is that the emotional circuitry of mothers has evolved to cope with this uncertain process, so the baby killers turn out to be not moral monsters but nice, normal (and sometimes religious) young women. These are dilemmas we will probably never resolve, and any policy will leave us with uncomfortable cases. We will most likely muddle through, keeping birth as a conspicuous legal boundary but showing mercy to the anguished girls who feel they had no choice but to run afoul of it. 生物学の法則はAmy GrossbergとMelissa Drexlerに対して優しくはありませんでした。そして、ティーンエイジャーの行動の倫理感覚を構築しようとする私たちに対しても優しくありません。私たちの倫理体系は、どこからが人間なのか明確に定める必要があります。しかし、問題はホモサピエンスの組み立て過程が段階的で、小刻みで、明確ではないことです。もう一つの問題は、母親の感情回路がこの明確ではない過程に対処するように進化していて、嬰児殺をした女性は、倫理に対するモンスターではなく、素敵で普通の、そして時として信仰心篤い若い女性です。これらは私たちがおそらく、決して解決できないジレンマでしょう。そして、どのような方針をとっても、それにあわない事件が残るでしょう。私たちはこれからも迷いつつ、誕生を明確な法的境界線とし、その境界線と衝突するほかなかったと感じて、苦しむ女性たちに同情を示し続けるでしょう。 [Steven Pinker, "Why They Kill Their Newborns," The New York Times Sunday Magazine (November 2, 1997). COPY ]
https://w.atwiki.jp/bluege/pages/20.html
宇宙征服 Blue in the dark YKJ 新宿Crawdaddy Club 新橋ZZ 巣鴨獅子王 原宿クロコダイル 浦和ナルシス 池袋Adm 蕨ケーブルビジョンWINK Under construction --------------------------
https://w.atwiki.jp/elvis/pages/8326.html
Auf Deutsch! 2 Wb French Macmillan ELT? McNab Rosi? MacmillanELT? McNabRosi? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Auf Deutsch! 2 TB French Macmillan ELT? McNab Rosi? MacmillanELT? McNabRosi? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Prospects Pre-Intermediate Macmillan ELT? J. Wilson? K. Taylor? MacmillanELT? J.Wilson? K.Taylor? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Prospects Pre-Int Wb Czech Macmillan ELT? Wilson K & Taylor J? MacmillanELT? WilsonK&TaylorJ? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Prospects Pre-Intermediate Macmillan ELT? Kenneth Wilson? MacmillanELT? KennethWilson? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? The Lost Souls Reunion Picador? Suzanne Power? Picador? SuzannePower? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Literature&Fiction-General-Contemporary? Junior Secondary Environmental Science for Zambia Grade 8 (Zambia Environmental Science) Macmillan Education Ltd? Pamela Banda? Florence Haynes? Don Horscroft? Hector Swazi? MacmillanEducationLtd? PamelaBanda? FlorenceHaynes? DonHorscroft? HectorSwazi? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Science,Nature&HowItWorks-Nature-Environment? Junior Secondary Environmental Science for Zambia Grade 8 (Zambia Environmental Science) Macmillan Education Ltd? Don Horscroft? MacmillanEducationLtd? DonHorscroft? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Science,Nature&HowItWorks-Nature-Environment? Chinese Economy in the 1990s (Studies in the Chinese Economy) Palgrave Macmillan? Jun Ma? PalgraveMacmillan? JunMa? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Business&Investing-Biographies&Primers-BusinessHistory? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Macroeconomics? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-EconomicHistory? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Macroeconomics? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-EconomicHistory? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Macroeconomics? Acts in Maths 1 Wb Pan Africa Macmillan Education Ltd? MacmillanEducationLtd? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Acts in Maths 3 Wb Pan Africa Macmillan Education Ltd? MacmillanEducationLtd? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Acts in Maths 4 Wb Pan Africa Macmillan Education Ltd? MacmillanEducationLtd? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Bravo! Colouring Book Italian West Judy Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Pacesetters Macmillan Education Ltd? Kimenye B? MacmillanEducationLtd? KimenyeB? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Children sBooks-Literature? Subjects-Literature&Fiction? Classic Bull Pan Books? Stephen Bull? PanBooks? StephenBull? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Biographies&Memoirs-General? Subjects-Cooking,Food&Wine-General? Big Red Bus 4 TB Castillian Macmillan ELT? Lobo? Subira? MacmillanELT? Lobo? Subira? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Big Book 2 Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Appie Pie Italian Resource Book Del Lungo, Alexandra Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Brilliant Eso 3 Sb Castillian Macmillan ELT? Prowse P? Garton J? MacmillanELT? ProwseP? GartonJ? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Brilliant Eso 3 AB Spanish Macmillan ELT? Prowse P? Garton J? MacmillanELT? ProwseP? GartonJ? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Cry Baby (Today's Children) Macmillan Education Ltd? Lynn Kramer? MacmillanEducationLtd? LynnKramer? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Reading? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Reading? Lost Children (Today's Children) Macmillan Education Ltd? Sibylla Martin? MacmillanEducationLtd? SibyllaMartin? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Reading? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Reading? The Red Shadow (Today's Children) Macmillan Education Ltd? Shelley Davidow? MacmillanEducationLtd? ShelleyDavidow? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Reading? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Reading? The Siege of Isfahan Picador? Jean-Christophe Rufin? Picador? Jean-ChristopheRufin? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Literature&Fiction-GenreFiction-Historical? Cfbt Macmillan Education Ltd? MacmillanEducationLtd? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Changing Workplace Relations in the Chinese Economy (Studies on the Chinese Economy) Palgrave Macmillan? Malcolm Warner? PalgraveMacmillan? MalcolmWarner? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Labor&IndustrialRelations? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Labor&IndustrialRelations? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Labor&IndustrialRelations? Restructuring the Malaysian Economy Palgrave Macmillan? Gus Edgren? Robert E.B. Lucas? Donald Verry? PalgraveMacmillan? GusEdgren? RobertE.B.Lucas? DonaldVerry? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Macroeconomics? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Macroeconomics? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Macroeconomics? The Development Dilemma Palgrave Macmillan? S. Parasuraman? PalgraveMacmillan? S.Parasuraman? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-EconomicPolicy&Development? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-EconomicPolicy&Development? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-EconomicPolicy&Development? The Complete Works of Isaac Babel Picador? I. Babel? Nathalie Babel? Peter Constantine? Picador? I.Babel? NathalieBabel? PeterConstantine? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Literature&Fiction-General-Contemporary? Subjects-Literature&Fiction-WorldLiterature-British-20thCentury? Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe Palgrave Macmillan? F. Tych? Jack Jacobs? PalgraveMacmillan? F.Tych? JackJacobs? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-History-Europe-General? Subjects-History-World-Jewish-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-PoliticalParties? Twenty-first Century Economics Palgrave Macmillan? Robert Solow? William E. Halal? Kenneth B. Taylor? PalgraveMacmillan? RobertSolow? WilliamE.Halal? KennethB.Taylor? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Theory? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Theory? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Theory? New Frontiers in Middle East Security Palgrave Macmillan? Lenore G. Martin? PalgraveMacmillan? LenoreG.Martin? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-History-Military-Weapons&Warfare? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-International-Relations? Subjects-Nonfiction-CurrentEvents-War&Peace? Action! 1 Learning File 2nd Castillthomas L Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Action! 1 Learning File 2nd Spanish Macmillan ELT? Myers C? MacmillanELT? MyersC? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Proficiency Passkey Macmillan ELT? Nick Kenny? MacmillanELT? NickKenny? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Subjects-Nonfiction-Education-LanguageInstruction-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Subjects-Reference-ForeignLanguages-Instruction-EnglishasaForeignLanguage-Coursebooks? Jackpot 3 Teachers Notes Revised Macmillan Education Ltd? Vince N? Tanner J? MacmillanEducationLtd? VinceN? TannerJ? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Bravo A Answer Key Marinou Teta Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Minibus 1 Pupils Macmillan ELT? Papiol E? Toth M? MacmillanELT? PapiolE? TothM? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Minibus 2 Pupils Macmillan ELT? Papiol E? Toth M? MacmillanELT? PapiolE? TothM? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Minibus 1 Teachers Posters Macmillan ELT? Papiol E? Toth M? MacmillanELT? PapiolE? TothM? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Minibus 1 TB English Macmillan ELT? Papiol E? Toth M? MacmillanELT? PapiolE? TothM? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Minibus 1 TB Catalan Macmillan ELT? Papiol E? Toth M? MacmillanELT? PapiolE? TothM? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Minibus 1 TB Castillian Macmillan ELT? Papiol E? Toth M? MacmillanELT? PapiolE? TothM? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Super Bus 1 Pupils Complete Lobo/Subira Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Super Bus 1 Pupils Lobo/Subira Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Super Bus 1 Activity Lobo/Subira Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Super Bus 1 Cass Complete Macmillan ELT? Lobo? Subira? MacmillanELT? Lobo? Subira? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Super Bus 1 Teachers Complete Lobo/Subira Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Super Bus 1 Teachers Castillian Lobo/Subira Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Super Bus 1 Teachers Catalan Lobo/Subira Macmillan ELT? MacmillanELT? ジャンル別? Substores-UnknownASINs-8 Substores-UnknownASINs-8 洋書